Your browser does not support Javascript. You should still be able to navigate through these materials but selftest questions will not work.
The use of epidemiological tools in conflict-affected populations: open-access educational resources for policy-makers
Table of Contents
Welcome
Organization of topics
Navigation and uses of the website
Outline
Introduction: Epidemiology in crises
Different types of crises
What about relief interventions?
Why is epidemiology useful?
Limitations of epidemiology
Want to read more?
Ethical issues in data collection
Introduction
Ethical issues in data collection - Community approval
Ethical issues in data collection - Bureaucratic approval
Security
Need for epidemiologic competence
Qualifications of an epidemiologist
Where to find epidemiologists
Surveys - Introduction
What is a survey?
Types of outcomes and indicators measured in a survey
Reasons to do a survey
Questions to ask before beginning or commissioning a survey
Alternatives to conducting new surveys
Limitations of surveys
Valid questions to answer
Formulation of goals and objectives
Surveys - Description of sampling methods
Sampling unit
What is sampling?
Why do sampling?
Goal of sampling
Simple random sampling
Systematic random sampling
Choosing between simple and systematic sampling - Quiz
Cluster sampling
Sampling - Additional resources
Surveys - Sampling error, bias, accuracy, precision, & sample size
Bias and sampling error
Bias and sampling error 2
Bias
Measurement bias
Sampling bias
Sampling error
Bias and sampling error - Quiz
Confidence intervals
Confidence intervals - Quiz
Accuracy and precision - theory
Sample size
Surveys - Resources required for surveys
Personnel
Supplies and equipment
Surveys - Critiquing survey reports
Introduction
Objectives
Justification for survey
General procedures
Outcomes and risk factors
Sample size
Sampling method
Data analysis
Data analysis
Discussion
Conclusions
Recommendations
Surveillance - When to do surveillance
What is surveillance?
Why do surveillance?
Steps in carrying out surveillance
Surveillance - Methods
Comparison with other data collection methods
Morbidity surveillance
Mortality surveillance
Types of surveillance
Case definitions
Data flow
Surveillance - Common problems
Inherent problems
Incomplete reporting
Biases from the health system
Changes in the surveillance system
Denominator problems
Assessing quality of data
Programme data
Examples
Limitations
Rapid assessment
Definition and goals
Methods
Questions answered by rapid assessment
Guidelines and manuals
Problems and difficulties
Mortality - Indicators and their measurement
Why measure mortality
Parts of mortality rate
Formats for mortality rate
Types of mortality rates
Mortality rates for children
Number of excess deaths
Measurement of causes of death in surveys
Mortality - Data sources
Introduction
Surveillance - Prospective death reporting
Surveys (retrospective data collection)
Recall period
Determining the length of the recall period
Data collection and the questionnaire
Surveys - Quiz
Surveys measuring mortality - Summary
Mortality - Interpretation and action
Existing recommendations
Judging the quality of survey estimates of mortality
Nutrition - Introduction and background
Types of malnutrition
Kwashiorkor and marasmus
Malnutrition in adults
Micronutrient deficiencies
Nutrition - Indicators and their measurement
Introduction to anthropometry
Anthropometric indices
Reference populations
Calculation of percent of median
Oedema
Calculation of z-scores
Adults and body mass index (BMI)
Micronutrients - Clinical indicators
Micronutrients - Biochemical indicators
Calculating prevalence
Nutrition - Data sources
Surveillance
Surveys
Other data sources necessary to explain causes of malnutrion
Nutrition - Interpretation and action
Factors in interpreting data on acute protein-energy malnutrition
Prevalence of acute protein-energy malnutrition
Trends over time
Underlying causes
Malnutrition and mortality
Interventions for acute PEM
Interpreting results of micronutrient assessment
Interventions for micronutrient deficiencies
Health services
Health service indicators
Health service utilization
Effectiveness of health services
Delay in seeking health care
Overall evaluation of health services
Vaccination programmes
Vaccination - Introduction
Vaccination - Indicators
Vaccine coverage
Administrative estimate of vaccine coverage
Survey estimate of vaccine coverage
Comparison of administrative and survey estimates
Surveillance for vaccine-preventable diseases
Water supply, sanitation, and shelter
Introduction
Water supply, sanitation, and shelter - Indicators
Water supply indicators
Sanitation indicators
Shelter indicators
Violence
Violence in general
Gender-based violence
Presentation of results
Mortality indicators
Morbidity indicators
Nutrition indicators
Vaccination indicators
Other indicators
Formulating conclusions and recommendations
Over-interpreting results
Extrapolating results to other populations
Knowing background information
Interpreting in context
Targeting recommendations
Dissemination and action